2-Butoxyethanol is found in glass cleaners and other multipurpose cleaners. It can cause irritation of the nose and eyes, headaches and vomiting, and may be associated with reproductive problems.
Acrylates copolymers (and related chemicals such as styrene acrylates copolymer and ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer) are used in many personal care products as a thickener, adhesive, waterproofing, or film-forming agent. They may irritate the skin and eyes, and when combined with certain chemicals, may be carcinogenic, which means having the potential to cause cancer. Because these are used in shampoos, soaps and toothpastes, they also can contaminate waterways and harm aquatic life.
Aerosol sprays no longer contain ozone-depleting chemicals, which were banned in the 1970s, but most still have hydrocarbons and/or compressed gases that contribute to global warming. They also emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination and nausea as well as damage to the liver, kidney and the central nervous system.
The degree to which the ambient air is pollution-free, assessed by measuring a number of indicators of pollution.
Alcohol (in mouthwashes)
Mouthwashes can contain up to 26.9% ethanol (53.8 proof). Leading brands market single containers that can supply a lethal ethanol dose to a toddler. Mouthwashes are particularly hazardous because they are thought to be safe, and they are widely available, colorful and kept within easy reach of children.
Ammonia is used in polishing agents for faucets and shower hardware. It can irritate the lungs and may contribute to asthma and bronchitis.
Antimicrobial and antibacterial agents in soaps, fabrics, and other products may interfere with the healthy functioning of hormones in the body. They can also increase the risk of cancer and reproductive and neurological impairments as well as allergies, asthma, and eczema. In addition, antimicrobials usually contain silver nanoparticles that can damage DNA. The overuse of antimicrobial and antibacterial chemicals is spawning new “superbugs” that don’t respond to antibiotics when we really need them, contributing to a major public health problem.
Arsenic is a metallic element that can be quite poisonous to humans and other animals. It can be naturally occurring in well water and is also used as an ingredient in pesticides, wood preservatives, copper and lead alloys, glass, and semiconductor devices. Arsenic poisoning can impact the lungs, skin, kidneys, and liver. Chronic exposure to arsenic is related to vitamin A deficiency, which is associated with heart disease and night blindness.
Benzidine-based dyes and congener-based dyes are used in the production of textiles and paints. These dyes have the potential to leach from textiles, such as clothing, that are in prolonged contact with human skin.
Bioplastics are made by converting the sugar present in plants, such as corn, sugar cane, wheat, and potatoes, into plastic. This makes bioplastics renewable and generally better for the environment than conventional plastics, which are derived from crude oil/petroleum. Note, however, that how these plants are grown can have some negative environmental impacts too.
BPA (Bisphenol A) is a synthesized chemical widely used as a strengthener in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins in many products, such as baby bottles and nursing products, materials made out of PVC, consumer electronics, water bottles, and other food/beverage containers. BPA is linked to neurodevelopmental and reproductive health problems. Note that BPA-free products often use BPS or BPF as alternatives, which have not been shown to be any healthier.
Breastfeeding is the action of feeding a baby with milk from the breast.
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) are synthetic antioxidants. The U.S. National Toxicology Program classifies BHA as ‘reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen’ based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals. BHA is also listed on California EPA Proposition 65 as a chemical known to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. BHA and BHT can also adversely affect normal hormone function and present a high hazard for aquatic toxicity.
Carcinogenic refers to substances that promote the development or progression of cancer.
Carcinogens are substances that promote the development or progression of cancer.
Chemical UV filters effectively absorb ultraviolet (UV) rays, but can cause dermal sensitization, persist in the environment, and can cause harm to aquatic life. Certain UV filters—particularly oxybenzone, octinoxate, or sulisobenzone—have been shown to mimic hormones and interfere with normal hormone function in humans and wildlife, including coral reef species.
Chlorine (and chloride, which is an ion of chlorine found in bleach and other products) is used to remove bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens that might make you sick. Unfortunately, high or chronic exposure to chlorides may also irritate eyes, skin or lungs as well as increase risk for cancer and reproductive health problems.
Dental amalgam is a liquid mercury and metal alloy mixture used in dentistry to fill cavities caused by tooth decay. It releases low levels of mercury vapor that can be inhaled or absorbed by the lungs. Concern has been raised as to the potential health impacts of exposure to mercury-based amalgams on neurodevelopment in young children.
Dental resin composites are a mixture of plastic and ground glass used to fill cavities caused by tooth decay. Many people prefer these because they are “tooth-color,” but they may not last as long as dental amalgams. They may release small amounts of microplastic materials as they degrade though whether this leads to any long-term health impacts is not well studied.
Diatomaceous earth is a powder composed of the fossilized remains of single-celled algae that is often used to kill fleas. Note there are two types: food grade and filter grade. The food grade contains low levels of silica and is not considered toxic, though it is important to vacuum areas thoroughly before children or pets come into a room if diatomaceous earth has been used to eliminate fleas.
Dioxins are a group of toxic chemical compounds that are usually the byproducts of industrial processes and persist in the environment for long periods of time. More than 90% of human exposure is through food. Exposure to dioxins can lead to reproductive and developmental problems, interfere with hormones in the body and cause cancer.
Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields are usually sources of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation due to the use of wireless equipment, devices, and data transmission. Common RF sources include radio and television transmissions, cell towers and antennas, portable phones, cell phones, wireless computer networks (WLAN), and radar equipment. In-house wireless network installations have become a significant source of RF radiation in our homes and offices. Exposure to RF from cell phone use may increase cancer risk and interfere with brain development and reproductive health. See “Radiofrequency (RF) radiation” for references and resources.
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that may interfere with the body’s endocrine system and produce adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects in both humans and wildlife.
Essential oils are distilled from plants as concentrated liquid-containing volatile aroma compounds, meaning the smell evaporates in normal temperatures. Sometimes oils, like jojoba, that are easily absorbed by the skin are used as “carrier” oils in which essential oils can be mixed. Research on tea tree and lavender essential oils has shown that these oils have estrogenic properties meaning that they may impact the development of the reproductive health system. Other essential oils have not been tested for these properties to date so we simply don’t know if they may have similar biological impacts or not.
Ethanolamine compounds (MEA, DEA & TEA) comprise a group of amino alcohols. They are often used to balance pH levels or as foaming agents or emulsifiers in personal care products. Animal studies suggest these may be carcinogenic with chronic exposure. The European Union has banned DEA in cosmetics but the United States has not.
Ethoxylated ingredients are created by reacting ethylene oxide, a known carcinogen (which means having the potential to cause cancer), with chemicals to make them milder to the skin. Ethoxylated ingredients in and of themselves are not necessarily hazardous, but the process of ethoxylation produces trace amounts of carcinogenic by-products, primarily ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane, that can contaminate the ingredient.
Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas at room temperature and has a strong odor. Exposure to formaldehyde can increase the risk of asthma and certain cancers. Formaldehyde can be found in a variety of projects including composite wood, building materials, glues, permanent press fabrics, paints, and finishes.
Fruit juice is the liquid that can be obtained from a fruit.
Heavy metals, which include lead, mercury, cadmium, and inorganic arsenic, are naturally occurring elements found in the earth’s crust. Because these are used in so many aspects of modern life, human exposure has increased significantly in recent decades. They are known to be carcinogenic and can impact brain and nervous system development. Researchers now agree there is no “safe” level of exposure. Because children’s biological systems are still developing, early exposures to heavy metals can have lifelong health consequences.
A houseplant is a plant that is grown in a container inside a house.
Lanolin is a substance derived from secretions of the sebaceous glands of sheep and functions as a protective coating on wool. This fatlike substance, also called wool grease, is modified to create lanolin and its derivatives. Lanolin may contain pesticide residues or be allergenic.
Lead is a potent neurotoxin (a poison which acts on the nervous system) and scientific research indicates that there is no safe level of lead exposure. In 2010, the U.S. FDA tested 400 lipsticks sold in the U.S. and found detectable levels of lead in all tested products.
Manganese is a naturally occurring element and an essential nutrient for health. However, in high doses it can impact the neurological system along with other biological systems.
Mercury is a metal that can exist as a liquid, solid or a gas, and can have different adverse effects depending on the route of exposure. Mercury can have toxic effects on brain development and function, kidney function, and possibly on immune function as well.
Methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) is a preservative found in shampoos, conditioners and other personal care products that inhibit bacterial growth. It may irritate the skin, particularly if used regularly, or at high concentrations, or even cause chemical burns.
Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) is a preservative found in shampoos, conditioners, and other personal care products that inhibit bacterial growth. It may irritate the skin, particularly if used regularly, or at high concentrations, or even cause chemical burns.
Natural rubber is made from the white milky liquid known as latex that oozes from rubber trees when they’re cut. This is very different from synthetic rubber that is made artificially in a chemical plant or laboratory. The synthetic rubber, derived from synthetic latex, can include chemicals such as polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which have been shown to be harmful to humans and the environment.
Nitrates are naturally occurring in many plants that we eat and can promote heart health. But when they are used as preservatives in meats, they can be carcinogenic (which means having the potential to cause cancer). Nitrates themselves are not a problem, but when we eat nitrates from meat, they are converted to nitrites in the body and can provoke health issues. If infants are exposed to very high levels of nitrates, they may get a rare condition called methemoglobinemia, which is a dangerous blood disorder that interferes with the circulation of oxygen in the blood. If you have well water and are making formula for your infant, it is important to check the nitrate levels in your water to ensure that they are at a safe level.
Palm oil is a semi-solid edible fat obtained from the fruit of several different types of palm trees. Palm olein is the liquid component of palm oil when the oil is separated by a process called fractionation.
Parabens are a group of highly effective preservatives commonly used in preventing the growth of harmful bacteria and mold in cosmetic products. Parabens—primarily ethyl-, methyl-, butyl-, and propylparaben—can interfere with the body’s natural hormone systems and may produce adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects in both humans and wildlife. Large biomonitoring studies performed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicate that most individuals in the U.S. have measurable levels of methyl- and propylparaben in their bodies.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in textiles, furniture, upholstery, electronic equipment and other household products. Though most are banned in new products now, they persist in the environment and can bio-accumulate through chronic exposure. They may be carcinogenic (which means having the potential to cause cancer) and may impact neurodevelopment and thyroid function. What to look for:
Perchlorates can form naturally in the atmosphere and there are other kinds that are manufactured by industry. Perchlorates are used in rocket fuel, explosives, adhesives, batteries, cleaning agents and bleach. They can contaminate food and water and impact the thyroid gland. This is a particular concern for children because thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development.
Perfluorochemicals (PFCs, also known as Perfluoroalkyl Substances—PFASs) are a group of synthetic chemicals used to make fluoropolymer coatings that resist heat and are used in everything from textiles to cooking pans to insulation. These persist and bioaccumulate in the environment, and pollute water. Adverse health impacts can include neurodevelopmental and reproductive health problems.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic—meaning carbon-based—chemical substances. They possess a particular combination of physical and chemical properties such that, once released into the environment, they remain for long periods of time, become widely distributed, accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and other living organisms, and are toxic to humans and wildlife.
Pesticides are a class of chemicals derived from petroleum that are intended to kill weeds, rodents and other pests. Spraying these chemicals—whether on crops or your own garden—can also impact the health of birds, fish and mammals as well as degrade soil and water quality. Certain pesticides have been shown to adversely impact neurodevelopment as well as contribute to other health problems. Children, whose biological systems are still developing, are more vulnerable to the harm these exposures can cause.
Petroleum jelly (also known as petrolatum and mineral oil) consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons. It is derived from the refinement of crude oil or petroleum. Petroleum jelly and mineral oil are used in many personal care products as a moisturizing agent. When it is properly refined there are no known health impacts. When it is not, it can be contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which have been shown to be carcinogenic.
Perfluorochemicals (PFCs, also know as Perfluoroalkyl Substances—PFASs) are a group of synthetic chemicals used to make fluoropolymer coatings that resist heat and are used in everything from textiles to cooking pans to insulation. These persist and bioaccumlate in the environment, including polluting water. Adverse health impacts can include neurodevelopmental and reproductive health problems.
Phenoxyethanol is a glycol ether or solvent used as a synthetic preservative and stabilizer in many cosmetic products, including perfume. For sensitive populations, possible health concerns include eczema and allergic reactions. It has also been shown to acutely impact the nervous system of infants who ingest it.
Phthalates are a group of chemicals used to make plastics more flexible and harder to break, such as vinyl flooring, adhesives, and raincoats. Phthalates, particularly diethyl phthalate (DEP), are also used in personal-care products to boost a scent’s staying power. The full extent of the health effects of phthalates is still being researched, but at least one phthalate (DEHP) is an endocrine disruptor and can cause cancer. Other phthalates may adversely impact human reproduction and development.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in textiles, furniture, upholstery, electronic equipment, and other household products. Though most are banned in new products now, they persist in the environment and can bio-accumulate through chronic exposure. They may be carcinogenic (which means having the potential to cause cancer) and may impact neurodevelopment and thyroid function. What to look for:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of more than 100 chemical compounds that are created by the combustion of organic matter. They can contribute to indoor and outdoor air pollution and have been shown to be carcinogenic (which means having the potential to cause cancer).
Polyester is a kind of plastic—specifically, a petroleum-based, synthetic resin in which the synthetic polymer units are linked by ester groups. It is primarily used to make synthetic textile fibers stain- and wrinkle-resistant. Wearing polyester can contribute to skin problems, such as rashes, itching and dermatitis, irritate the respiratory system, and contribute to certain cancers.
Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer made from natural gas and is the basis for many types of plastic, including high density (HDPE), low density (LDPE), polyethylene vinyl acetate (PEVA), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG). Polyethylene is found in water bottles, bottle caps, shampoo bottles, bleach containers, plastic wrap, and many other consumer projects. When plastic is heated it can release harmful chemicals. Avoid microwaving food in any kind of plastic and wash plastic containers by hand rather than in the dishwasher. Exposure to certain plastics may irritate skin of young children. Polyethylene is hazardous to the environment given that it is made from a nonrenewable resource. Its improper disposal is harmful to aquatic life and wildlife as well.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is made from fermented plant starch (mostly corn), rather than derived from petroleum. However, it is not a “perfect” alternative since it biodegrades VERY slowly and is typically made of genetically modified corn. Plus you have to remember to separate PLA plastic from other plastics when recycling.
Polypropylene is a plastic made from propylene a colorless, odorless gas. Propylene is derived from petroleum and is used in a wide variety of products including plastics, antifreeze, cosmetics and food additives. It releases volatile organic compounds that can adversely impact developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects in both humans and wildlife.
Polyurethane is a kind of plastic made with methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI). MDI and TDI are volatile organic compounds and can irritate the skin and lungs. TDI is also a suspected carcinogen. Because polyurethane is highly flammable, manufacturers often add toxic chemical flame retardants. Though high density foams are usually used in mattresses, low density and food grade polyurethanes are considered less toxic.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is an odorless and solid plastic derived from fossil fuels and is used many consumer and industrial products such as plumbing pipes, flooring and various types of containers. It contains a number of toxic chemicals that when released can harm human health and development. Plus, PVC plastic is overwhelming our landfills and oceans as well as destroying wildlife populations and ecosystems.
Propylene glycol s is a petroleum-based compound that help absorb water. It is used in a number of products, including as a base for de-icing solutions and antifreeze. Studies show that it can be a skin irritant particularly if used regularly, and may impact the nervous system. Some products now use propylene glycols that are 100% vegetable-derived. These are better because they don’t tend to irritate the skin and the plants used are a renewable resource.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is an odorless and solid plastic derived from fossil fuels and is used many consumer and industrial products such as plumbing pipes, flooring and various types of containers. It contains a number of toxic chemicals that when released can harm human health and development. Plus, PVC plastic is overwhelming our landfills and oceans as well as destroying wildlife populations and ecosystems.
Pyrethrin, an insecticide, is the most common active ingredient in flea treatments. Though pyrethrin and other pyrethroids effectively kill fleas, they can be harmful to pets and children who interact with pets during treatment (this includes synthetic pyrethrins, which also end in “thrin” on the ingredient label). For children, skin numbness or irritation may result or at higher levels of exposure, dizziness and headaches are possible. Pyrethrins are also highly toxic to honey bees and aquatic life.
Quaternary ammonium compounds (or “quats”) are a broader category of chemicals that include ammonia, chlorides and triclosan. These are used in a wide range of antibacterial and antimicrobial cleaning products.
Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields is usually high frequency electromagnetic radiation due to the use of wireless equipment, devices and data transmission. Common RF sources are radio and television transmissions, cell towers and antennas, portable phones, cell phones, wireless computer networks (WLAN) and radar equipment. In-house wireless network installations have become a significant source of RF radiation in our homes and offices. Exposure to RF from cell phone use may increase cancer risk and interfere with brain development and reproductive health.
Retinyl palmitate is a vitamin A derivative found in some body lotions and creams as an “anti-aging” agent. A study of mice exposed to retinyl palmitate developed a number of tumors after exposure to sunlight. Though it is not clear if the impact could be the same on humans, you could play it safer by using retinyl palmitate only at night.
Silicone is a synthetic polymer, derived from petroleum. It is far more temperature resistant and durable than other plastics. Food grade silicone is considered safe for teethers and baby bottles. Although silicone breast implants were generally not found to be toxic to implant patients, and at least one study suggests that silicone may have properties of endocrine disrupting chemicals. We'll keep you informed as new research emerges. From an environmental standpoint, silicone is rarely recycled, and like most plastics, ends up in landfills or waterways.
Sodium hydroxide is used in drain cleaners and other cleaning agents. It can irritate or burn the skin, eyes, and lungs and may cause sore throats.
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is a petroleum-based surfactant that can attract oil and impurities from your hair and allow water to rinse them away. It is also used as an emulsifiers and foaming agent. SLS may irritate your scalp and skin with frequent use and SLS in toothpaste is associated with canker sores. Some claims are made that 100% vegetable-based SLS is non-toxic, but how the plants are processed may leave impurities in the product.
Sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) is the ethoxylated form of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). Ethoxylated ingredients are created by reacting ethylene oxide, a known carcinogen, with chemicals to make them milder to the skin. This is why SLES has replaced SLS in a number of products, though SLES can still be a skin irritant. Ethoxylated ingredients in and of themselves are not necessarily hazardous, but the process of ethoxylation produces trace amounts of carcinogenic by-products, primarily ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane, that can contaminate the ingredient.
Solvents are carbon-based substances that can dissolve one or more other substances. They can impact neurodevelopment, reproductive health and increase the risk of cancer.
Toluene is a petroleum-derived solvent used to dissolve certain materials. It may cause dizziness and, with chronic use, memory loss. Toluene may also impact the brain and nervous system.
Toxoplasmosis is an infection from a single-celled parasite found in cat feces, undercooked meat or shellfish, drinking water, a mother to child congenital infection, or an infected organ in an organ transplant. Forty million people in the US carry this parasite and the vast majority show no symptoms because their immune systems are strong enough to keep it in check. Pregnant women or others with compromised immune systems may be particularly vulnerable to the parasite. Flu-like symptoms may occur or, in very rare but severe cases, brain, eye, or other organ damage can happen. Infants who are infected in the womb show no signs at birth, but sometimes have problems later in life.
Triclosan is an antibacterial agent found in many consumer products to prevent bacterial contamination. It can irritate the skin and increase cancer risk. Its overuse has become a public health concern because it makes bacteria and microbes more resistant and antibiotics less effective. Because of health concerns, it was banned from soaps in 2016 by the Food and Drug Administration, but some toothpastes, mouthwash, and cleaning products still contain it.
Triethanolamine, also known as TEA, is made by combining ethylene oxide and ammonia. It is used to balance the pH in various body lotions and cosmetics. It can irritate the skin and the respiratory system and disrupt the immune system. It's also been linked to cancer in animal studies.
Triphenyl phosphate is an endocrine disrupting chemical used either as a flame retardant or a plasticizer in various products. For example, it is added to varnishes, lacquers and nail polishes. It can impact neurodevelopment and reproductive health.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids, such as paints and plasticizers. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and long-term adverse health effects such as irritation of eyes, nose and throat, nausea, damage to liver, kidneys and nervous system and possibly cancer. Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors than outdoors.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids, such as paints and plasticizers. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and long-term adverse health effects such as irritation of eyes, nose and throat, nausea, damage to liver, kidneys and nervous system and possibly cancer. Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors than outdoors.