Glossary
- 1,4-dioxane (which increases the risk of cancer, a carcinogen) can be a byproduct during the manufacture of ethoxylated surfactants.
- 2-Butoxyethanol is found in glass cleaners and other multipurpose cleaners. It can cause irritation of the nose and eyes, headaches and vomiting, and may be associated with reproductive problems.
- Acetone is a colorless, easily evaporating liquid commonly used in household products as a nail polish cleaner. Its flammability and ability to dissolve various substances, including plastics, make it hazardous. Prolonged exposure may lead to skin irritation, respiratory problems, and potential damage to organs like the liver and kidneys. Other names for Acetone include dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, and beta-ketopropane.Resources
- Acrylates copolymers (and related chemicals such as styrene acrylates copolymer and ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer) are used in many personal care products as a thickener, adhesive, waterproofing, or film-forming agent. They may irritate the skin and eyes, and when combined with certain chemicals, may be carcinogenic, which means having the potential to cause cancer. Because these are used in shampoos, soaps and toothpastes, they also can contaminate waterways and harm aquatic life.Resources
- Aerosol sprays no longer contain ozone-depleting chemicals, which were banned in the 1970s, but most still have hydrocarbons and/or compressed gases that contribute to global warming. They also emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can cause eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, loss of coordination and nausea as well as damage to the liver, kidney and the central nervous system.
- Air quality refers to the level of pollution present in the ambient air, determined by various indicators. Poor air quality poses dangers as it contains harmful substances like particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone, which can lead to respiratory issues, cardiovascular problems, and other health complications when inhaled, especially with prolonged exposure.Resources
- Alcohol, also known as ethanol, is a substance commonly found in drinks. When consumed by pregnant or expecting mothers, it can pose significant risks to fetal development, leading to birth defects, developmental disorders, and potential long-term health issues for the child.
- Mouthwashes can contain up to 26.9% ethanol (53.8 proof). Leading brands market single containers that can supply a lethal ethanol dose to a toddler. Mouthwashes are particularly hazardous because they are thought to be safe, and they are widely available, colorful and kept within easy reach of children.Resources
- Aluminum-based compounds are commonly used in antiperspirants to clog the skin pores and prevent sweating. Some studies suggest higher exposures to aluminum may be linked to some bone and brain diseases. Special precautions should be taken by those who have kidney disease.Resources
- Ammonia is used in polishing agents for faucets and shower hardware. It is corrosive, can irritate the lungs, and may contribute to asthma and bronchitis. Ammonia is a corrosive, colorless gas with a sharp odor. Some liquids release ammonia gas.Resources
- Antimicrobial and antibacterial agents are made with chemicals that destroy or reduce germs. That sounds like a good thing, but these chemicals can be harmful to our health. One chemical released by some antimicrobials is formaldehyde, a substance that can cause cancer (a carcinogen). Exposure to some antimicrobials may increase the risk of cancer, reproductive and brain impairments, and contribute to allergies, asthma, and skin conditions such as eczema. The overuse of these chemicals is also creating new “superbugs” that are resistant to antibiotics.Resources
- Arsenic is a metallic element that can be quite poisonous to humans and other animals. It can be naturally occurring in well water and is also used as an ingredient in pesticides, wood preservatives, copper and lead alloys, glass, and semiconductor devices. Arsenic poisoning can impact the lungs, skin, kidneys, and liver. Chronic exposure to arsenic is related to vitamin A deficiency, which is associated with heart disease and night blindness.
- Asbestos includes six different fibrous minerals (amosite, chrysotile, crocidolite, and the fibrous varieties of tremolite, actinolite, and anthophyllite) that occur naturally in the environment. Asbestos minerals have separable long fibers that are strong and flexible enough to be spun and woven and are heat resistant. Asbestos has been used for a wide range of manufactured goods, mostly in building materials (roofing shingles, ceiling and floor tiles, paper products, and asbestos cement products), friction products (automobile clutch, brake, and transmission parts), heat-resistant fabrics, packaging, gaskets, and coatings. Some vermiculite or talc products may contain asbestos.Resources
- Atrazine is an herbicide that does not occur naturally. Atrazine is used to kill weeds, primarily on farms. The EPA now restricts how atrazine can be used and applied; only trained people are allowed to spray it.
- Benzene is a colorless liquid with a sweet odor widely used in the United States to produce various chemicals used in plastics, resins, nylon, and synthetic fibers. However, benzene is highly dangerous as it is a known carcinogen and prolonged exposure can lead to serious health issues, including leukemia and other blood-related disorders.Resources
- Benzidine-based dyes and congener-based dyes are used in the production of textiles and paints. These dyes have the potential to leach from textiles, such as clothing, that are in prolonged contact with human skin.
- Beryllium is a hard, grayish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust. Despite its utility in various applications like nuclear weapons, aircraft structures, and x-ray machines, beryllium poses a significant health risk when inhaled or ingested, as it can cause chronic lung diseases such as berylliosis, which may lead to severe respiratory issues and even be fatal in some cases.
- Bioplastics, derived from renewable plant sources like corn, sugar cane, wheat, and potatoes, offer a more environmentally friendly alternative to conventional plastics made from petroleum. However, the cultivation of these plants can have some negative environmental impacts, such as increased use of agricultural land, water, and fertilizers. Additionally, while bioplastics are generally considered safer for the environment, some bioplastics may still release harmful chemicals when decomposed, potentially impacting human health if not managed properly.
- BPA (Bisphenol A) is a synthesized chemical. BPA, an endocrine disrupting chemical, was banned in 2012 for use in baby bottles and sippy cups. “Regrettable substitute,” chemicals such as BPS are not necessarily healthier. These, too, can disrupt healthy hormonal messaging in the body and may undermine brain development and reproductive health.Resources
- Breastfeeding is the action of feeding a baby with milk from the breast. Breastfeeding provides numerous benefits for both the mother and baby, including essential nutrients and antibodies that boost the baby's immune system and promote healthy development. Proper knowledge about breastfeeding techniques and practices helps ensure that the baby receives optimal nutrition while reducing the risk of infections and health complications, ultimately fostering a strong bond between the mother and child.Resources
- Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a synthetic antioxidant commonly used in food to prevent spoilage and extend shelf life. Although approved for use, some studies have raised concerns about its potential health effects, emphasizing the importance of considering alternatives and moderation in its consumption.
- Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) are synthetic antioxidants. The U.S. National Toxicology Program classifies BHA as ‘reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen’ based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals. BHA is also listed on California EPA Proposition 65 as a chemical known to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. BHA and BHT can also adversely affect normal hormone function and present a high hazard for aquatic toxicity.
- Calcium hydroxide is an inorganic base with the chemical formula Ca(OH)2. It is commonly used in various industrial processes, including water treatment and as a component in construction materials.
- Calcium thioglycolate is a chemical compound often employed in hair removal creams, effectively breaking down keratin in hair. Caution is advised when using, as it contains strong depilatory properties.
- Carcinogenic refers to substances that promote the development or progression of cancer.Resources
- Carcinogens are substances that promote the development or progression of cancer.
- Chemical UV filters effectively absorb UV rays, but some, like oxybenzone, octinoxate, and sulisobenzone, have been found to mimic hormones and disrupt normal hormone function in humans and wildlife. Chemical UV filters can also irritate the skin, stay in the environment, and harm sea life. Certain UV filters, (particularly oxybenzone, octinoxate, or sulisobenzone) have been shown to disrupt normal hormone function in humans and wildlife. In some studies, oxybenzone has been associated with reproductive harm.Resources
- Chemicals encompass a vast array of substances with diverse applications in daily life, industry, and medicine. While many chemicals are essential for modern living, improper handling or exposure can pose risks to health and the environment, emphasizing the importance of responsible use and disposal.
- Chlorine is common in bleaches used to sanitize or disinfect homes. It can mix with other common chemicals in our homes and often causes more harm than good. Simply cleaning with dish soap and a microfiber cloth is often all that is needed.Resources
- Chloroethane is a colorless gas used in the production of various commercial products, as a solvent and refrigerant, and for numbing the skin before medical procedures and sports injuries. However, exposure to chloroethane can be harmful to human health, causing respiratory issues, skin irritation, and, in high concentrations, it can affect the nervous system, leading to dizziness, nausea, and even unconsciousness.
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. They are used in the manufacture of aerosol sprays, blowing agents for foams and packing materials, as solvents, and as refrigerants.
- Dental amalgam is a liquid mercury and metal alloy mixture used in dentistry to fill cavities caused by tooth decay. It releases low levels of mercury vapor that can be inhaled or absorbed by the lungs. Concern has been raised as to the potential health impacts of exposure to mercury-based amalgams on neurodevelopment in young children.
- Dental resin composites are a mixture of plastic and ground glass used to fill cavities caused by tooth decay. Many people prefer these because they are “tooth-color,” but they may not last as long as dental amalgams. They may release small amounts of microplastic materials as they degrade though whether this leads to any long-term health impacts is not well studied.
- Diatomaceous earth is a powder composed of the fossilized remains of single-celled algae that is often used to kill fleas. Note there are two types: food grade and filter grade. The food grade contains low levels of silica and is not considered toxic, though it is important to vacuum areas thoroughly before children or pets come into a room if diatomaceous earth has been used to eliminate fleas.
- Diazolidinyl Urea is a preservative commonly found in cosmetics and personal care products, working to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. However, it may cause skin irritation in some individuals, and careful consideration of potential sensitivities is advised.
- Diethyl phthalate is a colorless liquid used to make plastics more flexible in products like toothbrushes, toys, and food packaging. However, diethyl phthalate is harmful to human health, as it has been associated with adverse effects on the endocrine system, potentially disrupting hormone function and leading to reproductive and developmental issues.
- Dioxins are a group of toxic chemical compounds that are usually the byproducts of industrial processes and persist in the environment for long periods of time. More than 90% of human exposure is through food. Exposure to dioxins can lead to reproductive and developmental problems, interfere with hormones in the body and cause cancer.
- Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields are usually sources of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation due to the use of wireless equipment, devices, and data transmission. Common RF sources include radio and television transmissions, cell towers and antennas, portable phones, cell phones, wireless computer networks (WLAN), and radar equipment. In-house wireless network installations have become a significant source of RF radiation in our homes and offices. Exposure to RF from cell phone use may increase cancer risk and interfere with brain development and reproductive health. See “Radiofrequency (RF) radiation” for references and resources.Resources
- Food emulsifiers are substances added to improve the texture and stability of processed foods by preventing separation of ingredients. While generally considered safe for consumption, some individuals may experience sensitivities, emphasizing the importance of being aware of personal dietary needs and opting for natural emulsifiers when possible.
- Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that may interfere with the body’s endocrine system and produce adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects in both humans and wildlife.Resources
- Essential oils are distilled from plants as concentrated liquid-containing volatile aroma compounds, meaning the smell evaporates in normal temperatures. Two pure essential oils, tea tree and lavender have been shown to have estrogenic properties that could disrupt hormones and impact reproductive health. Other essential oils have not been tested yet for these properties, so it is unknown whether or not there may be reason for concern. However, in some cases, some essential oils may have therapeutic benefits that outweigh concerns.Resources
- Estrogenic properties refer to the ability of a substance to mimic or interact with estrogen, a hormone in the body. While some compounds with estrogenic effects are natural and essential for health, concerns arise when exposure to synthetic substances with estrogenic properties occurs, potentially disrupting hormonal balance. It's advisable to be mindful of such properties in certain chemicals and materials, particularly in products that come into contact with the body.
- Ethanolamine compounds (MEA, DEA & TEA) comprise a group of amino alcohols. They are often used to balance pH levels or as foaming agents or emulsifiers in personal care products. Animal studies suggest these may be carcinogenic with chronic exposure. The European Union has banned DEA in cosmetics but the United States has not.
- Ethoxylated ingredients are created by reacting ethylene oxide, a known carcinogen (which means having the potential to cause cancer), with chemicals to make them milder to the skin. Ethoxylated ingredients in and of themselves are not necessarily hazardous, but the process of ethoxylation produces trace amounts of carcinogenic by-products, primarily ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane, that can contaminate the ingredient.
- Organically grown fabrics are healthier for people and for the planet. Conventionally-produced hemp, linen, wool, and particularly cotton are often sprayed heavily with pesticides. The pesticides are intended to kill pests that might damage the crops or harm wools, but these chemicals can be poisonous to other insects, birds, and mammals – including humans! Often pesticide residues stay in cloth fibers and then release as the cloth ages. Exposure to some pesticides can impact brain development and may contribute to lower IQs, birth defects, and developmental delays. Despite concerns about pesticides in fabrics like wool and cotton, they are still healthier than artificial, often plastic-based, artificial fabrics such as rayon, polyester, and acrylic.
- Formaldehyde (gas) is a colorless, flammable gas at room temperature and has a strong odor. Formaldehyde can give off gas from an array of household products, including materials used in construction, an array of wood-based furniture, and cleaning products. It is known to cause cancer including leukemia and cancers of the nose, throat, and sinuses. Choosing low or no VOC products can help reduce exposure in your home. Some air filters may also help reduce exposure, and improving air flow and ventilation in general can result in meaningful indoor air improvements.
- Engineered wood (such as composite board or particle board) contain formaldehyde, which can off gas and contribute to leukemia and cancers of the nose, throat, and sinuses.
- Hundreds, or even thousands of chemicals, can be lumped under the term “fragrance.” Many companies do not have to disclose the specific chemicals they used, claiming they are proprietary. Among several concerns in artificial fragrances, many contain phthalates to boost the scent’s staying power. One such common phthalate is diethyl phthalate (DEP). Some chemicals listed as “fragrance” are suspected, or even known to increase risk of cancer (be carcinogenic). Others may contribute to reproductive and brain development problems.
- Fruit juice is the liquid that can be obtained from a fruit. Fresh fruit juice can provide natural, essential vitamins and nutrients, but excessive consumption of artificial fruit juices can lead to various health issues, such as tooth decay, obesity, and an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, due to their high sugar content.Resources
- Fuel oils, derived from crude petroleum, are yellowish to light brown liquid mixtures used as fuels for engines, lamps, heaters, furnaces, and stoves, as well as solvents. However, exposure to fuel oils can be harmful to health. They may release toxic fumes and fine particles when burned or used in confined spaces, leading to respiratory issues, lung irritation, and potential long-term health effects if proper ventilation and safety measures are not observed.
- Glyceryl Rosinate is a sticky, resinous substance derived from glycerol and natural rosin. Commonly used in depilatory waxes, it helps in adhering the wax to hair for effective hair removal.
- Glyphosate is the active ingredient in weed killer products such as RoundUp™. Glyphosate products are one of the most widely used weed killers worldwide in farms and in home gardens and lawns. Studies have linked it to various health issues, including cancer, reproductive problems, and disruptions to the endocrine system.
- A houseplant is a plant that is grown in a container inside a house. While some houseplants can improve indoor air quality and provide aesthetic benefits, others may be toxic if ingested or cause allergies in sensitive individuals.Resources
- Hypospadias is a congenital condition where the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of the tip. While its exact causes are not always clear, factors such as genetic and environmental influences during pregnancy may contribute, making it important for expectant mothers to maintain a healthy lifestyle and discuss any concerns with healthcare providers.
- Lanolin is a substance derived from secretions of the sebaceous glands of sheep and functions as a protective coating on wool. This fat-like substance, also called wool grease, is modified to create lanolin and its derivatives. Lanolin may contain pesticide residues or be allergenic.
- A milky usually white fluid that is produced by cells of various seed plants (as of the milkweed, spurge, and poppy families) and is the source of rubber, gutta-percha, chicle, and balata.Resources
- Lead is a potent neurotoxin that affects the nervous system, and research shows that there is no safe level of lead exposure for humans. Even low levels of lead exposure can lead to severe health issues, particularly in children, including developmental delays, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems.Resources
- Manganese is a naturally occurring element and an essential nutrient for health. However, in high doses it can impact the neurological system along with other biological systems.
- Mercury (element) is a metal that can exist as a liquid, solid or a gas, and can have different adverse effects depending on the route of exposure. Mercury can have toxic effects on brain development and function, kidney function, and possibly on immune function as well.
- Mercury is a toxic metal that can harm the developing fetus and lead to developmental issues and cognitive impairments. For pregnant women, high mercury intake during pregnancy can lead to developmental delays and cognitive impairments in the developing fetus.Resources
- Methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) is a preservative found in shampoos, conditioners and other personal care products that inhibit bacterial growth. It may irritate the skin, particularly if used regularly, or at high concentrations, or even cause chemical burns.
- Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) is a preservative found in shampoos, conditioners, and other personal care products that inhibit bacterial growth. It may irritate the skin, particularly if used regularly, or at high concentrations, or even cause chemical burns.
- Microplastics are tiny bits of plastic, often too small to see, that come from the breakdown of larger plastic items or manufacturing. They're causing worry because they can stick around in nature, possibly hurting animals and ending up in the food we eat. It's important to find ways to use and get rid of plastic that are better for the environment.
- Natural rubber is made from the white milky liquid known as latex that oozes from rubber trees when they’re cut. This is very different from synthetic rubber that is made artificially in a chemical plant or laboratory. The synthetic rubber, derived from synthetic latex, can include chemicals such as polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which have been shown to be harmful to humans and the environment.
- Nitrates are naturally occurring in many plants that we eat and can promote heart health. But when they are used as preservatives in meats, they can be carcinogenic (which means having the potential to cause cancer). Nitrates themselves are not a problem, but when we eat nitrates from meat, they are converted to nitrites in the body and can provoke health issues. If infants are exposed to very high levels of nitrates, they may get a rare condition called methemoglobinemia, which is a dangerous blood disorder that interferes with the circulation of oxygen in the blood. If you have well water and are making formula for your infant, it is important to check the nitrate levels in your water to ensure that they are at a safe level.Resources
- Nitrobenzene is a hazardous industrial chemical due to its toxic properties, and even in small amounts, it can pose significant health risks to human beings. The compound is utilized in the production of dyes, drugs, pesticides, and synthetic rubber.
- Octinoxate is a common chemical found in sunscreens, designed to absorb UVB rays and protect the skin from the sun. However, there are concerns about its environmental impact, particularly its potential harm to coral reefs. Opting for sunscreens without octinoxate helps support healthier marine ecosystems.
- Oxybenzone is a chemical often used in sunscreens to absorb UV rays. While it helps protect the skin from the sun, some studies suggest it may have environmental impacts on coral reefs, emphasizing the importance of choosing sunscreens that are reef-friendly for aquatic ecosystems.
- Palm oil is a semi-solid edible fat obtained from the fruit of various palm trees, and its liquid component, palm olein, is obtained through fractionation. However, the extensive cultivation of palm oil has raised environmental concerns, such as deforestation and habitat loss, impacting human health through air pollution, climate change, and potential harm to ecosystems.Resources
- Parabens are a group of preservatives commonly used in preventing the growth of harmful bacteria and mold in cosmetic products. Parabens, and many antimicrobial agents, work to prevent germs (bacteria and microbes) from growing. Parabens should be avoided because they are widely considered to be a hormone disruptor.
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) or "forever chemicals" are industrial chemicals added to fabrics for durability, stain, and wrinkle resistance. Exposure to PFCs may impact brain development, reproductive health, and the immune systemResources
- Perchlorates can form naturally in the atmosphere and there are other kinds that are manufactured by industry. Perchlorates are used in rocket fuel, explosives, adhesives, batteries, cleaning agents and bleach. They can contaminate food and water and impact the thyroid gland. This is a particular concern for children because thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development.Resources
- Perfluorochemicals (PFCs, also known as Perfluoroalkyl Substances—PFASs) are a group of synthetic chemicals used to make fluoropolymer coatings that resist heat and are used in everything from textiles to cooking pans to insulation. These persist and bioaccumulate in the environment, and pollute water. Adverse health impacts can include neurodevelopmental and reproductive health problems.
- Perfluorochemicals (PFCs, also know as Perfluoroalkyl Substances—PFASs) are a group of synthetic chemicals used to make fluoropolymer coatings that resist heat and are used in everything from textiles to cooking pans to insulation. These persist and bioaccumlate in the environment, including polluting water. Adverse health impacts can include neurodevelopmental and reproductive health problems.Resources
- Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic—meaning carbon-based—chemical substances. They possess a particular combination of physical and chemical properties such that, once released into the environment, they remain for long periods of time, become widely distributed, accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and other living organisms, and are toxic to humans and wildlife.Resources
- Pesticides are a class of chemicals derived from petroleum that are intended to kill weeds, rodents and other pests. Spraying these chemicals—whether on crops or your own garden—can also impact the health of birds, fish and mammals as well as degrade soil and water quality. Certain pesticides have been shown to adversely impact neurodevelopment as well as contribute to other health problems. Children, whose biological systems are still developing, are more vulnerable to the harm these exposures can cause.
- Petrochemicals are chemical products derived from petroleum, serving as the foundation for various industrial goods like plastics and synthetic materials. Their production and use raise environmental concerns due to their non-renewable source and potential impact on ecosystems.Resources
- Phenol, a compound used in slimicides, disinfectants, antiseptics, mouthwash, and sore throat lozenges, can pose as a hazardous risk to human health due to its toxic properties. Prolonged exposure or improper handling of phenol can lead to skin irritation, respiratory problems, and potential systemic toxicity.
- Phenoxyethanol is a glycol ether or solvent used as a synthetic preservative and stabilizer in many cosmetic products, including perfume. For sensitive populations, possible health concerns include eczema and allergic reactions. It has also been shown to acutely impact the nervous system of infants who ingest it.Resources
- Phthalates are a group of chemicals used to make plastics more flexible and harder to break, such as vinyl flooring, adhesives, and raincoats. Phthalates are found in many plastics and are often released into the air and inhaled. Exposure is linked to reproductive health issues, brain development, liver cancer, birth defects, asthma, and allergies. [Also see Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) below.]Resources
- Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in textiles, furniture, upholstery, electronic equipment, and other household products. Though most are banned in new products now, they persist in the environment and can bio-accumulate through chronic exposure. They may be carcinogenic (which means having the potential to cause cancer) and may impact neurodevelopment and thyroid function. What to look for: 1) If the label says “CONTAINS NO ADDED FLAME RETARDANTS” that means it’s free of flame retardants. 2) If the label is marked with “CONTAINS ADDED FLAME RETARDANTS” that means it contains flame retardants. 3) If the label says the product meets TB117 standards and has no additional information, it meets an outdated standard and is likely to contain flame retardants.
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of more than 100 chemical compounds that are created by the combustion of organic matter. They can contribute to indoor and outdoor air pollution and have been shown to be carcinogenic (which means having the potential to cause cancer).Resources
- Polyester, which is made of multiple artificial chemicals that are petroleum-based, can lead to skin problems, such as rashes, itching and eczema, irritate lungs, and some ingredients can potentially contribute to certain cancers. As they break down with wear and through washing, plastic, synthetic fabrics release microplastics into our water and environments, an additional health concern.
- Polylactic acid (PLA) is made from fermented plant starch (mostly corn), rather than derived from petroleum. However, it is not a “perfect” alternative since it biodegrades VERY slowly and is typically made of genetically modified corn. Plus, you have to remember to separate PLA plastic from other plastics when recycling.
- Polypropylene is a plastic made from propylene a colorless, odorless gas. Common in an array of plastics, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products frequently contain harmful chemicals, including phthalates. Phthalates often get released into the air and are inhaled. Exposure is linked to reproductive health issues, brain development, liver cancer, birth defects, asthma, and allergies.Resources
- Polypylene glycol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) help to absorb water, but they are made from “natural” gas (a harmful fossil fuel). They also happen to be used in antifreeze and de-icing agents, as well as cosmetics and cleaning products. Studies show that they can be a skin irritant, particularly if used regularly, and may impact the nervous system.Resources
- Polyurethane is a kind of plastic made with methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI). MDI and TDI are volatile organic compounds and can irritate the skin and lungs. TDI is also a suspected carcinogen. Because polyurethane is highly flammable, manufacturers often add toxic chemical flame retardants. Though high density foams are usually used in mattresses, low density and food grade polyurethanes are considered less toxic.
- Polyurethane foam, a petroleum-based material, is made with chemicals that can irritate the lungs and skin. One of these chemicals, toluene diisocyanate (TDI), may also contribute to cancer. When burned, polyurethane can have severe impacts on human health.
- PVC, or Polyvinyl chloride, a commonly employed synthetic plastic in construction materials, pipes, and consumer products, is associated with harmful health effects, as its production and use can release toxic chemicals, posing risks to human health and the environment.
- Potassium hydroxide, or KOH, is a powerful alkaline chemical commonly used in industry for processes like soap and detergent manufacturing. It should be handled with care due to its caustic nature.
- Potassium thioglycolate is a chemical compound utilized in depilatory products for hair removal, working by weakening hair protein structures. Prolonged or improper exposure can lead to skin irritation, burns, or allergic reactions. Caution is crucial, and following safety guidelines is essential to avoid potential harm to health.Resources
- The term “preservatives” refers to the functional name for a variety of natural or synthetic compounds that help slow or prevent bacterial growth in a wide range of products, including foods, medicines and personal care products
- Propylene glycol s is a petroleum-based compound that help absorb water. It is used in a number of products, including as a base for de-icing solutions and antifreeze. Studies show that it can be a skin irritant particularly if used regularly, and may impact the nervous system. Some products now use propylene glycols that are 100% vegetable-derived. These are better because they don’t tend to irritate the skin and the plants used are a renewable resource.
- Pyrethrin, an insecticide, is the most common active ingredient in flea treatments. Though pyrethrin and other pyrethroids effectively kill fleas, they can be harmful to pets and children who interact with pets during treatment (this includes synthetic pyrethrins, which also end in “thrin” on the ingredient label). For children, skin numbness or irritation may result or at higher levels of exposure, dizziness and headaches are possible. Pyrethrins are also highly toxic to honey bees and aquatic life.Resources
- Pyridine is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant smell. Pyridine is used to dissolve other substances. It is also used to make many different products such as medicines, vitamins, food flavorings, paints, dyes, rubber products, adhesives, insecticides, and herbicides
- Quaternary ammonium compounds (or "quats") encompass chemicals like ammonia, chlorides, and triclosan, commonly found in antibacterial and antimicrobial cleaning products. However, these compounds are hazardous to human health as they can cause skin and respiratory irritation, contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and have potential adverse effects on the environment..Resources
- Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields is usually high frequency electromagnetic radiation due to the use of wireless equipment, devices and data transmission. Common RF sources are radio and television transmissions, cell towers and antennas, portable phones, cell phones, wireless computer networks (WLAN) and radar equipment. In-house wireless network installations have become a significant source of RF radiation in our homes and offices. Exposure to RF from cell phone use may increase cancer risk and interfere with brain development and reproductive health.Resources
- "Regrettable substitutes" are chemicals introduced as replacements for substances deemed harmful or problematic. However, these substitutes may later be discovered to pose similar or new risks, underlining the need for careful assessment and consideration of potential consequences before adopting alternative chemicals in various applications.Resources
- Rosin, also known as colophony, is the sap or sticky substance that comes from pine and spruce trees. Its stickiness lends itself to being used in a wide range of products. The table below shows only some of the many products that contain rosin we may come into contact with either at home or at work.Resources
- Silicone is a synthetic polymer, derived from petroleum. It is far more temperature resistant and durable than other plastics. Food grade silicone is considered safe for teethers and baby bottles. Although silicone breast implants were generally not found to be toxic to implant patients, and at least one study suggests that silicone may have properties of endocrine disrupting chemicals. We'll keep you informed as new research emerges. From an environmental standpoint, silicone is rarely recycled, and like most plastics, ends up in landfills or waterways.Resources
- Sodium hydroxide is used in drain cleaners and other cleaning agents. It can irritate or burn the skin, eyes, and lungs and may cause sore throats.
- Sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) is the ethoxylated form of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). Ethoxylated ingredients are created by reacting ethylene oxide, a known carcinogen, with chemicals to make them milder to the skin. This is why SLES has replaced SLS in a number of products, though SLES can still be a skin irritant. Ethoxylated ingredients in and of themselves are not necessarily hazardous, but the process of ethoxylation produces trace amounts of carcinogenic by-products, primarily ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane, that can contaminate the ingredient.Resources
- Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is a petroleum-based surfactant that can attract oil and impurities from your hair and allow water to rinse them away. Sodium lauryl sulfate can be an eye or skin irritant at high concentrations. When swallowed in concentrated forms, it has been shown to be toxic in animal testing. But the chemical is often present in consumer products in very small amounts and is not meant to be eaten.
- A usually liquid substance capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other substances.Resources
- Solvents are carbon-based substances that can dissolve one or more other substances, and they are commonly found in products like paints, glues, cleaning agents, and adhesives, leading to potential human exposure. However, these solvents can have detrimental effects on neurodevelopment, reproductive health, and increase the risk of cancer.Resources
- Sulfate-based surfactants (such as sodium lauryl sulfate) are powerful cleaners because they help extract oils and dirt from your skin and hair, allowing the water to rinse them away quickly. But these petroleum-based ingredients may irritate skin with frequent use.
- Sulisobenzone is a chemical used in sunscreens to absorb ultraviolet (UV) light, safeguarding the skin from sun damage. While effective for personal sun protection, its environmental impact is relatively low compared to some other sunscreen ingredients, making it a suitable choice for those mindful of ecological concerns.
- Superbugs are bacteria that have become resistant to many antibiotics, making infections harder to treat. This resistance poses a serious health threat, emphasizing the need for responsible antibiotic use and the development of new treatments to combat these resilient bacteria.
- Surfactants are compounds used in various products, such as detergents and shampoos, to reduce surface tension and enhance the mixing of different substances. While surfactants play a crucial role in many daily products, some people with sensitive skin may experience irritation, underscoring the importance of choosing products with mild formulations when needed.
- Synthetic antioxidants are man-made substances added to foods to prevent or slow down the oxidative damage that can occur, extending the product's shelf life. While they play a role in preserving food quality, some concerns exist about their long-term health effects, underscoring the importance of balanced and varied diets.
- Synthetic dyes used to color baby clothes have toxic properties as well. Exposures to these chemicals can increase the risk of cancer and skin irritations. Untreated (and if at all possible, organic) cotton, hemp, linen, bamboo, or wool. These will be the least toxic because very few harmful chemicals are applied in the growing or manufacturing process (look for the Global Organic Textile Standard or GOTS label). Plus, wool is naturally flame resistant.
- Most artificially colored foods, colored with synthetic petroleum-based chemicals (dyes) not found in nature, can have adverse health effects on children. These colorings, including Blue 1, Blue 2, Citrus red 2, Green 3, Orange B, Red 40, etc., have been linked to hyperactivity, behavioral issues, and allergic reactions in some children.Resources
- Synthetic vitreous fibers, encompassing materials like glass fibers (fiberglass), mineral wool (stone wool and slag wool), and refractory ceramic fibers, pose hazards to human health due to their potential to cause respiratory issues and various lung diseases when inhaled as airborne particles. Prolonged exposure to these fibers, often found in insulation materials, can lead to serious health risks such as fibrosis and other lung disorders.
- Toluene is a petroleum-derived solvent used in various products such as paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, adhesives, and leather tanning processes. However, chronic exposure to toluene can result in hazardous health effects, including dizziness, memory loss, and potential impacts on the brain and nervous system.
- Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a highly reactive chemical used in the production of polyurethane foams, coatings, and elastomers. Exposure to TDI can pose significant health hazards, including respiratory irritation, asthma, and potential long-term respiratory issues, making proper protective measures essential in its handling and industrial applications.
- Toxoplasmosis is an infection from a single-celled parasite found in cat feces, undercooked meat or shellfish, drinking water, a mother to child congenital infection, or an infected organ in an organ transplant. Forty million people in the US carry this parasite and the vast majority show no symptoms because their immune systems are strong enough to keep it in check. Pregnant women or others with compromised immune systems may be particularly vulnerable to the parasite. Flu-like symptoms may occur or, in very rare but severe cases, brain, eye, or other organ damage can happen. Infants who are infected in the womb show no signs at birth, but sometimes have problems later in life.
- Trichloroethylene (TCE), a nonflammable and colorless liquid with a sweet odor, is used as a solvent in various products like adhesives, paint removers, and spot removers. However, TCE is hazardous to human health, particularly for children and pregnant mothers, as it has been associated with potential developmental and reproductive risks, neurotoxicity, and an increased risk of certain cancers.
- Triclosan is an antibacterial agent found in many consumer products to prevent bacterial contamination. Triclosan is used in toothpaste to kill germs, but it may also weaken the immune system, disrupt your natural hormone system, and increase risk of developing allergies, asthma, and eczema.
- Triethanolamine, also known as TEA, is made by combining ethylene oxide and ammonia. It is used to balance the pH in various body lotions and cosmetics. It can irritate the skin and the respiratory system and disrupt the immune system. It's also been linked to cancer in animal studies.
- Triphenyl phosphate is an endocrine disrupting chemical used either as a flame retardant or a plasticizer in various products. For example, it is added to varnishes, lacquers and nail polishes. It can impact neurodevelopment and reproductive health.Resources
- Vegetable-derived sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is a surfactant commonly used in personal care products like shampoos and soaps to create lather and facilitate cleaning. While being a plant-based alternative to traditional SLS, individuals with sensitive skin may still want to check for possible reactions, emphasizing the importance of selecting products that cater to specific skin needs.
- Vinyl acetate, an industrial chemical extensively produced in the United States and used in various applications like paints, textiles, paper, and food packaging, can be hazardous to human health, especially for children and pregnant mothers. Prolonged exposure to vinyl acetate has been associated with potential respiratory, developmental, and reproductive risks, making it crucial to handle and use this compound with caution to mitigate health concerns.
- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids, such as paints and plasticizers. VOCs include hundreds of chemicals. They get into the air and then into your body when you breathe them in, are often found in disposable diapers, construction materials like paints, wood-based furniture, and many fragranced products. These may impact reproductive and immune systems, and the brain, as well as trigger possible skin irritation, nausea, and headaches. Some VOCs are associated with an increased risk of cancer.Resources
- Xylene, being one of the top 30 chemicals produced in the United States in terms of volume, poses hazardous risks to human health, particularly for children and pregnant mothers. It is extensively used as a solvent in various industries like printing, rubber, and leather, as well as in cleaning agents, paint thinners, paints, and varnishes, and its exposure has been associated with potential neurological, respiratory, and developmental issues.